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Dominic,- Spanish Domingo de Guzmān -,
was
born Caleruega, Castile
ca. 1172. He studied at
Palencia and then joined the canonsregular,
a religious community
attached to the cathedral of the diocese of
Osma, about 1196.
In 1203, Diego, Bishop of Osma, was sent on a
royal mission to North
Germany
and took
Dominic with him. In
the south of France they met
the
Albigensian heretics,
or Cathari, and the
preachers, sent by
Pope Innocent III. In
1206 the papal legates and preachers, depressed at the
failure of their
mission, consulted the Bishop and Dominic, who reasoned
that the heretics would be regained only by an austerity equal to their
own; the preachers
must tramp the roads barefoot and in
poverty.
This was the birth of Dominic's
"evangelical preaching'.
The papal legate, Peter de
Castelnau, was
murdered by an emissary of
the Count of
Toulouse on 14 January 1208.
The Pope called upon the Christian princes to take up arms
with as leader Simon de
Montfort. The
Albigensian leader was Raymond VI, count of
Toulouse. Dominic's
work, though confined to the Prouille area, continued, and six others
eventually joined him.
Meanwhile, the civil war dragged on until Simon's victory at Muret Option
on 12 September 1213.
The Catholic party entered Toulouse
and Dominic and his
friends were welcomed by the Bishop Foulques, and established as "diocesan
preachers'in
June or July 1215.
In the spring
of 1216 Dominic was back at Toulouse with his 16
companions, for the
capitulum fundationis ('chapter
of
foundation').
The rule of Saint Augustine was adopted, as well as a set of
consuetudines ("customs").
Pope
Honorius III gave
Dominic formal
sanction of his order by his bull 'Religiosam
vitam' of 22 December
1216, and by his bull of 21 January 1217 the
name 'Preachers'.
Dominic died at Bologna, 6
August 1221, and was
buried in the church of the Dominican priory. He
was canonized
on 3
July
1234.
Thanks
to the Schwaneberger Verlag in München for the kindly permission to use
the numbers of their catalogues. The Scott numbers are from Scott Standard
Postage Stamp Catalogues 2002, published by Scott Publishing Co.911
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